01753nas a2200229   4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300000900240490000700249520099400256653002301250653001801273653002001291653003101311653000901342653000901351653001201360653001601372653001101388100002501399856009901424       2008                        eng d00aHigher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae subfam. Lobelioideae: Molecular signal overshadows morphology0 aHigher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae   a1-180 v463 aRelationships within the subfamily Lobelioideae in Campanulaceae are inferred from DNA sequence variation in the rbcL and ndhF genes, and the trnL-F region including the trnL intron and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. Results derived from Bayesian and parsimony analyses provide evidence for the long-suspected paraphyly of the genus Lobelia, comprising over 400 species as presently circumscribed. The perennial dwarf herbs belonging to the Andean genus Lysipomia are sister to a group comprising the Neotropical shrubs Burmeistera, Centropogon, and Siphocampylus. Giant lobelioids from the Hawaiian Islands, Brazil, Africa, and Sri Lanka form a strongly supported group. Character optimizations on the phylogenetic tree reveal that shifts in fruit types and lignification have occurred much more commonly than generally assumed. The main clades in the subfamily are outlined, which largely contradict previous classifications based on morphology. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aBayesian inference10aCampanulaceae10aFruit evolution10aLobelioideae (Lobeliaceae)10andhF10arbcL10aSH test10aSystematics10atrnL-F1 aAntonelli, Alexandre  uhttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37249069472&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 02448nas a2200133   4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239300000700308490000600315520192000321100002502241856004802266       2009                        eng d  a1741-700700aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently? Life form shifts and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan and highly diverse subfamily Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)0 aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently Life for  a820 v73 aBACKGROUND:The tendency of animals and plants to independently develop similar features under similar evolutionary pressures - convergence - is a widespread phenomenon in nature. In plants, convergence has been suggested to explain the striking similarity in life form between the giant lobelioids (Campanulaceae, the bellflower family) of Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. Under this assumption these plants would have developed the giant habit from herbaceous ancestors independently, in much the same way as has been suggested for the giant senecios of Africa and the silversword alliance of Hawaii.RESULTS:Phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) DNA sequences for 101 species in subfamily Lobelioideae demonstrate that the large lobelioids from eastern Africa the Hawaiian Islands, and also South America, French Polynesia and southeast Asia, form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Ancestral state reconstructions of life form and distribution, taking into account phylogenetic uncertainty, indicate their descent from a woody ancestor that was probably confined to Africa. Molecular dating analyses using Penalized Likelihood and Bayesian relaxed clock approaches, and combining multiple calibration points, estimate their first diversification at ~25-33 million years ago (Ma), shortly followed by several long-distance dispersal events that resulted in the current pantropical distribution.CONCLUSION:These results confidently show that lobelioid species, commonly called 'giant', are very closely related and have not developed their giant form from herbaceous ancestors independently. This study, which includes the hitherto largest taxon sampling for subfamily Lobelioideae, highlights the need for a broad phylogenetic framework for testing assumptions about morphological development in general, and convergent evolution in particular.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre  uhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/82